#Change cm to mm xscan radiology skin#
#Change cm to mm xscan radiology full#

Effective dose estimated for children were higher than that for adults by factors of 5.1, 1.8, 3.1 and 3.9 more for head, chest, abdomen and pelvis examinations respectively. The frequency of CT examinations for pediatric patients accounted for 13 examinations (25%) of the total examinations recorded for the year 2008-2009.Adult CT exposure parameters such as the KV, mAs, scan length, pitch, and collimation values were being used in pediatric CT examination. The assessment of the management system involved: Estimation of Weighted Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI w), Volumetric Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), Dose Length Product (DLP) and Effective dose (E) and Evaluation of quality assurance and quality control programmes to optimize pediatric patient doses. In this work management of pediatric patients doses for Computed Tomography examinations have been studied at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Current review provides updated radiation protection measures for minimizing patient radiation dose in CT without adversely affecting the quality of diagnostic information. CT users are strongly encouraged to take advantage of these dose reduction techniques while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Patient dose reduction of 40-60%, 50%, 20-30%, 20-40%, 30-50% can be achieved using tube current modulation, beam filters, thyroid and breast shields, low tube voltage for abdominal CT, automatic pitch adaptation respectively. Radiation protection in CT requires regular dose surveys and optimization of CT exposure parameters, establishing and/or implementing diagnostic references (DRLs), implementation of a comprehensive quality assurance program, reference dose levels, and CT dose saving protocols. The total patient risk is related to the Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate radiation protection techniques in computed tomography (CT) scanning, address concerns on the increased population exposure during CT procedures, and provide a review on dose management and optimization procedures. The principal concern for any patient undergoing a diagnostic CT examination is the risk of developing a radiation-induced cancer, which may be fatal or nonfatal. In diagnostic radiology, these stochastic radiation risks are carcinogenesis and genetic effects that would appear in the offspring of an irradiated individual. Below the threshold for the induction of deterministic effects, the principal concern of any radiation exposure is the induction of stochastic (random) risks. Accordingly, deterministic effects are not expected for any patient undergoing a standard diagnostic CT examination. As far as deterministic effects (tissue reactions) are concerned, ICRP notes that 'in the absorbed dose range up to around 100 mGy (low LET or high LET) no tissues are judged to express clinically relevant functional impairment.

#Change cm to mm xscan radiology skin#

In CT examinations, the entrance skin doses are approximately 40 mGy for head examinations and approximately 20 mGy for body examinations. On contrary, deterministic effects occur when radiation dose exceeds certain threshold. Radiation-induced cancer and genetic effects are stochastic in nature. A stochastic effect of radiation is one in which the probability of the effect, rather than its severity, increases with radiation dose. Radiation health effects Two primary detrimental health effects are associated with ionizing radiation: stochastic effects and deterministic effects.

#Change cm to mm xscan radiology full#

Full optimization of CT requires implementing quality assurance program and optimization of both scanner and CT operator factors including the use of tube current modulation and other dose saving protocols. All guidelines include reference doses that are described as diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) or guidance levels that assist in the optimization of radiation protection of the patient and permit comparisons of the performance of different CT scanners and techniques. Guidelines to optimize the protection of patients during CT procedures have been provided by various international organizations. Other dose reduction strategies include restricting multiphase examination protocols, avoiding overlapping of scan regions, and only scanning the area in question. Optimized study quality also depends on region scanned and study indication. For the purpose of minimizing radiation exposure, noisier images, if sufficient for radiological diagnosis, should be accepted. Dose reduction in CT should be optimized by adjustment of scan parameters (tube current, peak tube voltage and pitch) according to patient weight or age, and weight-adapted CT protocols have been suggested and published.